(1942 - 2022) ~ Freethinking Historian of Science-and-Church Conflicts : PhD....John J. Kessler brings news and information from the Humanist Center of St. Louis... (From : The American Rationalist, 1960.)

(1820 - 1903) ~ American Celebrity, English Philosopher, Psychologist, Biologist, Anthropologist, and Sociologist Famous for his Hypothesis of Social Darwinism : An English philosopher, psychologist, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of social Darwinism. Spencer originated the expression "survival of the fittest", which he coined in Principles of Biology (1864) after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. The term strongly suggests natural selection, yet Spencer saw evolution as extending into realms of sociology and ethics, so he also supported Lamarckism. (From : Wikipedia.org.)

(1797 - 1888) ~ King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and German Emperor from 18 January 1871 until his Death in 1888, a Member of the House of Hohenzollern, and the First Head of State of a United Germany : King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and German Emperor from 18 January 1871 until his death in 1888. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he was the first head of state of a united Germany. He was de facto head of state of Prussia from 1858, when he became regent for his brother Frederick William IV, whose death three years later would make him king. (From : Wikipedia.org.)

(1867 - 1937) ~ American Anti-militarist Writer and Political Activist, best Remembered as the 1916 Vice Presidential Nominee of the Socialist Party of America : An American anti-militarist writer and political activist. He is best remembered as the 1916 Vice Presidential nominee of the Socialist Party of America. He was briefly the Executive Secretary of that organization from November 1925 until May 1926. (From : Wikipedia.org.)

(1817 - 1862) ~ American Naturalist, Essayist, Poet, Philosopher, Leading Transcendentalist, best Known for his Book Walden, a Reflection upon Simple Living in Natural Surroundings, and his Essay "Civil Disobedience"

"Industrial Unionism and Constructive Socialism," by James Connolly, from Socialism Made Easy, 1908, Section: Organizing Constructively.

"Germany's Drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1918," by Oleh S. Fedyshyn, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1971.

"Birth Control and Society," by Margaret Sanger, 1916. Source: Margaret Sanger Papers, Library of Congress , LCM 128:456.

"The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth," by John Milton, 1660.

"Daoism and Anarchism: Critiques of State Autonomy in Ancient and Modern Japan," by John A. Rapp, Contemporary Anarchist Studies, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2012.